Chapter 1 Objectives
1. Compare and contrast the theories of Linnaeus and Lamarck.
2. List and describe the three basic conditions for Darwin’s theory of evolution.
3. State the reasons why Darwin’s theories were so controversial in light of other scientific discoveries that were also in contrast to the religious doctrine at the time.
4. Describe how the theory of evolution has evolved through time and how has this evolution of thought lead to doubts in the theory.
5. Briefly describe how the contributions of Henslow, Gould, Malthus, and Wallace influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution.
6. Describe why Darwin was not a vigorous champion for the theory of evolution even  after the publication of the “Origin of Species”. 
Chapter 2  Objectives
1. Outline the basic life forms and their position into the geological time scales.
2. List the methodologies used in dating fossils.
3. Describe how index fossils can be used in comparing stratigraphy and radiometric data.
4. Outline how tree rings can be used to date objects to almost 10,000 years old.
5. Outline the basic geologic time intervals and state how some of these acquired their names.
6. Describe the basic principles of fossilization and some of the interesting evidence that has been gained from the study of fossils.
7. Provide the evidence for and against whether or not dinosaurs were ectotherms or endotherms.
Evolution Chapter 3 Objectives
1. Describe the two basic misconceptions regarding inherited characteristics in the early 1700’s.
2. Describe the scientific studies of Gregor Mendel.
3. List and describe Mendel’s 4 Laws.
4. Describe the test cross and how its use furthered Mendel’s position on heritable traits.
5. Outline how Mendel applied the scientific method.
6. State how gene linkage, multiple alleles, gene interaction, and polygenes influence genetic ratios.
7. Describe the means by which a genome be modified across time.
Chapter 4 Objectives
1. Describe what makes carbon so special to life on earth.
2. Diagram the Stanley/Urey apparatus and state what it was able to accomplish.
3. Analyze why we do not see primitive life forms sprouting up in today’s plant. What might be some of exceptions to this process?
4. Outline the development of life and give the approximate time scale for each form.
5. Describe the endosymbionic theory and provide evidence for existence in more recent examples.
6. Very, very briefly outline DNA replication, protein synthesis, ATP anabolism, and photosynthesis.
7. List and describe the characteristics of life.
8. Outline the theories as to the origin of life.
Chapter 5 Objectives
1. Match the major groups of organisms to the Geological time period.
2. Match the various organism groups to various features of their life histories.
3. Describe the various evolutionary changes within plants and animals as they evolved on planet earth.
4. Match the various plants and animal classification to their scientific classification.
5. Compare and contrast protostome to a deuterosome.
6. Outline the food chain and trophic levels associated with each.
7. Differentiate by example the terms niche and habitat.
Chapter 6 Objectives
1. List the broad lines of evidence that Linnaeus was incorrect in stating that species are immutable.
2. List in order the origins of the various large groups of organism on earth according to the most recent evolutionary evidence.
3. Describe how the fossil record supports the theory of evolution and not static speciation.
4. Describe how comparative anatomy supports evolutionary theory and not static speciation.
5. Analyze from an engineering standpoint how species were not formed as a consequence of original designs but from modifications of an original body plan.
6. Compare and contrast homolous structures, analogous structures, and homoplastic structures as they relate to anatomy and evolution.
7. Describe the lines of evidence of comparative anatomy that supports an evolutionary past. In addition state the pitfalls with this analysis.
8. Compare and contrast vestigial and atavistic traits by using specific examples.
9. Describe the evidence for plate tectonics and outline the various stages in the earth’s geological evolution.
10. Describe how evolution has been modified by continental drift.
11. Differentiate by example the “founder effect” to that of the “bottleneck effect.”
Chapter 7 Objectives
1. List some of the biotic and abiotic influences to evolutionary pressures in natural selection.
2. Differentiate by example artificial and natural selection and provide a case as to whether one is any more valid to the theory of evolution.
3. Compare and contrast phenotype and genotype.
4. Outline the classic examples of industrial melanism, Cepaea snails, or Nerodia snakes as case studies in evolution. Are these examples natural or artificial evolution?
5. Differentiate by example and graphical evidence stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection.
Chapter 8 Objectives
1. Describe the advantage of having sex (in so far as evolution is concerned).
2. Provide three examples of bacterial sex.
3. List the rate and various causes and types of mutation.
4. Describe how polyploidy can assist in carrying out mutation survivability and fitness.
5. Describe the balance of sickle cell anemia and malaria. Relate how treatments take advantage of the underlying cause.
6. Analyze why plants are more common to be polyploidy than animals.
7. List some of the factors that influence development.
8. State the function of HOX genes and how they support the theory of evolution.

Chapter 9 Objectives
1. Define the various types of species from: biological, morphospecies, paleospecies, and agamospecies.
2. Outline the difficulties found in each form of species definition.
3. List and describe the four steps to speciation.
4. Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric species.
5. Describe by example various reproductive isolating mechanisms.
6. Compare and contrast clines and rings as processes that influence speciation.
7. Compare and contrast by example parallelism to convergence.
8. Describe the how and why there exists latitudinal differences in species diversity.

Chapter 10 Objectives
1. Describe the competition between Semibalanus and Chthamalus.
2. Differentiate between mutualism, commensalisms, and parasitism-predation-herb ivory.
3. Describe by example how can one type of relationship can change into another.
4. Provide specific examples of the various forms of symbiosis.
5. Describe by example camouflage, warning coloration, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, and aggressive mimics.
6. Outline the how the web of life is related to mass extinction.
Chapter 11 Objectives
1. Describe by example the life history strategies of viruses, bacteria, fungi,
plants and animals both to biotic and abiotic influences.
2. Analyze phenotypic plasticity with genotypic expression and the means by which the two can be distinguished.
3. Discuss by examples how energy level and trophic level affects life history.
Chapter 12 Objectives
1. Differentiate the calls of vervets to various predators.
2. Analyze how alarm calls are both adaptive and maladaptive.
3. Diagram and explain how alarm calls are beneficial to the overall drive for survival of genotypes.
4. Describe by example how kin selection can be usurped. 
5. Outline how populations have dealt with free loaders to kin selection from an interspecies and intraspecies standpoint.
6. Differentiate between Micro and Macroevolution using specific examples.
7. Describe the linkage of micro and macroevolutionary processes.
8. Outline the forces behind punctuated evolution.
9. Discuss the evolutionary significance of HOX genes both in terms of intraspecies and interspecies similarities.
Chapter 13 Objectives
1. Describe what is so special about Lingula, the horseshoe crab, crocodiles, and Ginkos.
2. Differentiate between uniform and mass extinctions using specific examples for each.
3. Graph and analyze the species-area, immigration and speciation, speciation and extinction rate, distance and species equilibrium curves.
4. Describe the interplay by example of speciation or extinctions from a co-evolutionary standpoint.
5. Describe the “Red Queen” analogy as it relates to evolution by citing specific examples.
6. Cite the examples of the major extinctions that have occurred in the life history of earth.
7. Describe the scientific evidence for various theories of mass extinctions.
Chapter 14 Objectives
1. Describe the selective advantage and evolutionary evidence for being bipedal.
2. Compare the evidence for the “nature versus nurture” argument in light of evolution.
3. Describe how and when mammals where close to extinction.
4. Outline the experimental evidence for language development in birds and how this relates to human speech.
5. List some of the specific features of being a primate and how these provide adaptations to their fitness.
6. Match the various primates in relationship to humans.
7. List some the specific features of being a hominid and those to being human.
8. Compare and contrast “Lucy” with “Taung”.
9. Describe the evolutionary dead end to being an early vegetarian.

Chapter 15 Objectives
1. Describe the concept of tool making as depicted in animals and early hominids.
2. List briefly the names, advancements, and species of the early hominids in chronological order.
3. Compare and contrast the Oldowan, Acheulian, Levallois, and Clovis toolmakers.
4. Discuss the reasons why old anthropology books become out-dated and how this applies to your textbook will likely also fall into this category.
5. Compare and contrast the skulls of early hominids to that of humans.
6. Analyze the possible evolution of Homo floresiensis.
7. Describe the Neanderthal in terms of anatomy, evolution, distribution.
8. Describe the evolution and selective advantages of language development.
9. Describe the significance of the development of art by early hominids.
10. Outline the possible evolution of religion and list the selective advantages it imparts to a species.
11. Analyze the various theories to the establishment of man on the Americas and the fundamental problem with the Kennewick man.

Chapter 16 Objectives
1. Describe the origins and development of eugenics and why it is fundamentally a flawed science.
2. Outline some of the moral and ethical considerations to gene therapy and how this fits in with modern medicine prior to gene therapy and the manner in which it may affect evolution.
3. Describe the epidemiology of plagues as an adaptation of disease organisms using specific examples where appropriate.
4. Describe various disease defenses mechanisms and how in each case microbes have thwarted these measures.
5. Diagram the genetic recombination of abilities of bacteria.
6. Diagram the viral life cycle of DNA, RNA, and retroviruses.
7. Analyze the mechanisms microbes have to gain the “upper hand” in any evolutionary battle.
8. List and describe the specific actions humans have done to break the triangle of Plagues.  
9. List and describe the specific actions humans have done to support the emergence of plagues.